The following risk factors are linked to a higher incidence of corns and calluses: anything that causes pressure or friction on the skin; shoes that are too tight or too high-heeled, causing pressure; shoes that are too loose, causing friction; a badly placed seam in a shoe that rubs against the skin; socks that do not fit well; wearing no socks; walking barefoot regularly, as the skin will thicken to protect itself; repeated actions such as jogging or walking in a particular way and older age, as there is less fatty tissue in the skin, which means less padding and a higher risk of developing calluses, especially on the ball of the foot.
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